The state and prospects of demographic processes are very important for the country's development since a change in these parameters entails changes in other areas of society and the economy. The purpose of the article is to predict the demographic situation in Kazakhstan, taking into account the peculiarities of socio-economic development. Forecasting of demographic indicators was carried out by several methods, in particular, by cohort component. Forecasts of the population size and structure are developed based on an analysis of trends in demographic processes, and their cause-and-effect relationships with socio-economic processes. Data from official demographic statistics and Republican population censuses of 2009 and 2021 were used as initial data. Calculations by alternative methods are also presented: population projections using the methods of prospects and displacements and using the average growth rate, exponential curve formulas, natural and mechanical displacements, and polynomials of the second and third degrees. The results obtained include data on the total population of Kazakhstan, its age, and gender structure.

The purpose of the study is an analytical review of the main theories of inflation targeting and transmission mechanism. Inflation targeting is a monetary policy strategy in which the central bank sets a specific inflation rate as the main target and makes decisions on the interest rate and other measures to achieve this goal. The insufficient capitalization of second-tier banks and the low quality of existing borrowers create difficulties in linking the structural liquidity surplus and require its sterilization by using monetary policy instruments with longer terms. As the economy recovers, the impact of the transmission mechanism on inflation will deepen. Improving the channels of the transmission mechanism by gradually eliminating constraining factors will increase the effectiveness of transferring monetary policy decisions to inflation. The effectiveness of monetary policy instruments largely depends on the effectiveness of transmission channels, through which signals of the influence of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NBK) on internal economic processes, including inflation, are transmitted. The measures taken by the NBK to curb inflation primarily include reducing the depreciation of the tenge by raising the base rate, which ensures the attractiveness of tenge instruments. The base rate of the NBK is the main benchmark for the cost of money and lending to the country's economy. Starting from the government and ending with small and medium-sized businesses, they attract funding based on the base rate of the NBK. This indicates the presence of serious imbalances in the functioning of certain channels of the transmission mechanism of the NBK's monetary policy, along with structural problems of the economy. Impact on inflation expectations. Inflation targeting is aimed at forming and maintaining low and stable inflation expectations among the population and entrepreneurs. Changes in inflation expectations can affect the behavior of consumers and firms, which, in turn, can affect prices and wages.

Ensuring food security is one of the main tasks of the state, the quality of life of citizens directly depends on it. The article provides a literary review of publications and works of scientists and economists dealing with the problems of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) as a factor in ensuring food security. Based on the conducted research, mechanisms for strengthening the stability of the agro-industrial complex are proposed. The primary role in solving food security issues should be solved mainly on the basis of economic methods focused on the sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises and rural areas, technological and agricultural production growth affect the economic efficiency of the industry, the main purpose of which is import substitution. The country's food security should be based on solving the problem of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and the economic efficiency of the farming and industrial parks. It is also necessary to monitor food security to prevent negative socio-economic phenomena, which ultimately entails the introduction of specific criteria and assessment methods. Competent and economically sound tools will help to increase the production of essential agricultural products. The authors propose to further study the problems of sustainable development of agriculture and food security in terms of learning international experience in solving problems, issues of development of own production, development of the agricultural sector of the economy and others.

In today's business environment, we are increasingly faced with the fact that many enterprises that used to be leaders in the production and provision of services cannot cope with the growing fierce competition, instability of the external environment, rising inflation and many other factors. As a result, all this leads to the fact that within a few years, and sometimes even months, previously successful enterprises suspend their activities or completely close. After analyzing the activities of such enterprises from the moment they were created and started operating to the occurrence of financial and other problems, several common features can be identified, one of which is the absence or incorrectly built model of the management accounting system at the enterprise. Today, in our country, the stage of popularization and implementation of traditional management accounting is mainly underway. Traditional management accounting, based on cost accounting and costing of products or works, uses the method of management analysis and forms a system for preparing information for managing production and making management decisions (management) by the management of firms, companies. Accounting for variable and fixed costs has become widespread in Kazakhstani firms and companies; determination of marginal income, budgeting and obtaining information about the present and future.

This article examines the current state and prospects for the development of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the Republic of Kazakhstan with an emphasis on achieving sustainability in the energy sector. The fuel and energy complex is a branch of the economy that includes all stages of production, transportation and consumption of energy resources, such as oil, gas, coal, electricity, etc. The fuel and energy complex includes the extraction of raw materials, their processing, transmission and distribution, as well as end use in various economic sectors. The historical context, problems and challenges facing the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as strategies and measures aimed at improving this industry are also analyzed. Environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainability are considered in the context of their impact on the country's development. The article emphasizes the importance of balanced development, including compliance with environmental standards and minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The study includes an analysis of international experience and cooperation, and also provides recommendations for ensuring a sustainable energy future for the Republic of Kazakhstan.