Наем учителей в Казахстане: структура оплаты труда, требования к компетенциям и социальное неравенство

Рынок труда учителей отражает не только потребность образовательных организаций в педагогических кадрах, но и различия в оплате труда, требованиях к профессиональному опыту и компетенциям, которые могут формировать социальное неравенство внутри профессии. Целью исследования является выявление особенностей найма учителей в Казахстане на основе анализа заработной платы, требований к опыту работы, предметной специализации и профессиональным компетенциям.Эмпирической базой исследования стали 17 997 вакансий, отобранных из первоначального массива 30 460 объявлений, размещенных на платформах HeadHunter и Enbek в январе–феврале 2025 года. В работе использованы были методы описательной статистики, анализа средних и медианных значений заработной платы. Результаты показали, что из 17 997 вакансий 13 510 были ориентированы на кандидатов без опыта работы; медианная предлагаемая заработная плата для них составляла 110 760 тенге, тогда как для вакансий с опытом до трех лет 155 000 тенге. Наиболее высокая медианная заработная плата была зафиксирована для учителей английского языка — 250 000 тенге, тогда как для учителей начальных классов при 3 997 вакансиях она составляла 117 960 тенге. Результаты показывают, что поддержка в начале карьеры, структурированная адаптация и более пристальное отслеживание предметных различий в оплате важны для улучшения найма, профессионального продвижения и сокращения неравенства среди учителей в Казахстане.

1. Aimoldina, A. A., & Zharkynbekova, S. K. (2024). Content analysis of recruitment discourse in Kazakhstan: Language requirements for job seekers on the example of job advertisements. Language and Literature: Theory and Practice, 3(3), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.52301/2957-5567-2024-3-3-18-31

2. Allen, R., Burgess, S., & Mayo, J. (2018). The teacher labour market, teacher turnover and disadvantaged schools: New evidence for England. Education Economics, 26(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2017.1366425

3. Anderson, K. H., & Esenaliev, D. (2019). Gender earnings inequality and wage policy: Teachers, health care, and social workers in Central Asia. Comparative Economic Studies, 61, 551–575. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41294-019-00103-1

4. Baigabylov, N. O., & Froumin, I. D. (2024). A missed opportunity? The transformation of the teacher salary system in Kazakhstan amidst rising wages. Voprosy Obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, 2(3), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.17323/vo-2024-19836

5. Bekbolat, M. S., Berkimbayev, K. M., & Sagimbayeva, A. E. (2024). The critical role of soft skills in Kazakhstan's job market for IT graduates: Job market analysis. Orleu - Bulletin of Continuing Education, 4(47). https://doi.org/10.69927/BPQX3428

6. Biasi, B. (2021). The labor market for teachers under different pay schemes. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(3), 63–102. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200295

7. Biasi, B., Fu, C., & Stromme, J. (2021). Equilibrium in the market for public school teachers: District wage strategies and teacher comparative advantage (Working Paper No. 28530). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28530

8. Bobba, M., Leon, G., Neilson, C. A., Nieddu, M., & Alva, C. (2021). Teacher wages, the recruitment of talent, and academic achievement (Research Paper No. 213). Agence Française de Développement.

9. Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). The trouble with teacher turnover: How teacher attrition affects students and schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27, 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3699

10. Courtney, M., Karakus, M., Sharplin, E., Hernández-Torrano, D., Helmer, J., & Jumakulov, Z. (2023). The role of teacher selection criteria and preparation on teacher self-efficacy, satisfaction, and commitment: An analysis of Kazakhstani TALIS data. Teacher Development, 27(3), 394–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2023.2176354

11. Ederer, T. (2023). Labor market dynamics and teacher spatial sorting (Job Market Paper). Toulouse School of Economics.

12. Edwards, D. S., Kraft, M. A., Christian, A., & Candelaria, C. A. (2023). Teacher shortages: A framework for understanding and predicting vacancies (EdWorking Paper: 22-684). Annenberg Institute at Brown University. https://doi.org/10.26300/8t5b-2302

13. García, E., & Weiss, E. (2019). U.S. schools struggle to hire and retain teachers: The second report in "The Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market" series. Economic Policy Institute.

14. García, E., & Weiss, E. (2020). A policy agenda to address the teacher shortage in U.S. public schools: The sixth and final report in the "Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market" series. Economic Policy Institute.

15. Han, S. W. (2018). School-based teacher hiring and achievement inequality: A comparative perspective. International Journal of Educational Development, 61, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.12.004

16. Han, E. S. (2021). Teacher Wage Penalty and Decrease in Teacher Quality: Evidence from Career-Changers. Labor Studies Journal, 46(3), 251-285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X20929083

17. Hasanah, E., & Supardi, S. (2020). Effect of work environment and salary on private school teachers in Indonesia. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25(Esp.6), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3987643

18. Jabbar, H., Castro, A., & Germain, E. (2019). To switch or not to switch? The influence of school choice and labor market segmentation on teachers' job searches. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 41(3), 375–399. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373719857689

19. Liu, J., & Xie, J.-C. (2021). Invisible Shifts in and Out of the Classroom: Dynamics of Teacher Salary and Teacher Supply in Urban China. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 123(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812112300104

20. Makoelle, T. M. (2025). Teacher recruitment, preparation, induction, retention, and attrition in Kazakhstan. In T. M. Makoelle & K. Kurakbayev (Eds.), Teachers and teacher education in the post-Soviet context of Kazakhstan: Scoping teacher education reforms and realities (pp. 55–66). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004726345_003

21. Nguyen, T. D., Anglum, J. C., & Crouch, M. (2023). The effects of school finance reforms on teacher salary and turnover: Evidence from national data. AERA Open, 9(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584231174447

22. See, B. H., Morris, R., Gorard, S., & El Soufi, N. (2020). What works in attracting and retaining teachers in challenging schools and areas? Oxford Review of Education, 46(6), 678–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2020.1775566

23. Sauanova, K., Bydakhmet, Z., Omarova, G., & Sagyndykova, S. (2026). Digital Requirements and Advertised Salaries in the Educational Labor Market of Kazakhstan: An NLP-Based Analysis of Job Vacancy Data. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202605.1145.v1

24. Shabdenova, A., Nurymbetov, Y., & Kozhanov, K. (2022). Choosing the teaching profession in Kazakhstan: Vocational patterns. The Journal of Psychology & Sociology, 81(2), 250–260. https://doi.org/10.26577/JPsS.2022.v81.i2.024

25. Spiegelman, M. (2018). Teacher satisfaction with salary and current job (NCES 2018-116). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 15, 2026 from https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2018116

26. Tastanbekova, K. (2020). Professional prestige, status, and esteem of educational occupation in Kazakhstan: Temporal, regional and gender analysis of payroll data. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 7(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v7i2.345

27. Van den Borre, L., Spruyt, B., & Van Droogenbroeck, F. (2021). Early career teacher retention intention: Individual, school and country characteristics. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103427

28. Wiggan, G., Smith, D., & Watson-Vandiver, M. J. (2020). The national teacher shortage, urban education and the cognitive sociology of labor. The Urban Review, 53, 43–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00565-z

29. Wyatt, J. E., & O’Neill, M. (2021). Investigation of early career teacher attrition and the impact of induction programs in Western Australia. International Journal of Educational Research, 107, 101754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101754