qainarQainar Journal of Social ScienceQainar Journal of Social Science2958-72122958-7220Q University10.58732/2958-7212-2026-1-108-125qainar-520Research ArticleСтатьиСоциальные и экономические детерминанты развития женского предпринимательства в странах Центральной АзииSocial and Economic Aspetcs of Women's Entrepreneurship Development in Central Asian countrieshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-0305ЕстековГ. Б.YestekovaG. B.

к.э.н., ассистент профессор 

Алматы 

Gulzira B. Yestekova – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Assistant Professor 

Almaty 

gylzira@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5027ЖумаксановаК. М.ZhumaxanovaK. M.

к.э.н., ассоциированный профессор 

Алматы 

Karlygash M. Zhumaxanova – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Associate Professor 

Almaty 

kmuratovna2019@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-3156КизимбаеваА.KizimbaevaA.

к.э.н., и.о. ассоциированного профессора 

Актау 

Azhar Kizimbaeva – Cand. Sc. (Econ.), Acting Associate Professor 

Aktau 

kizimbaeva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-1876ШенБ.ŞenB.

PhD, ассоциированный профессор 

Токат 

Bülent Şen – PhD, Associate Professor 

Tokat 

bulent.sen@gop.edu.trАлматы Менеджмент университетКазахстанAlmaty Management UniversityKazakhstanКазахский автомобильно-дорожный институт им. Л.Б. ГончароваКазахстанKazakh Automobile and Road Institute named after L.B. GoncharovKazakhstanКаспийский университет технологий и инжиниринга им. Ш. ЕсеноваКазахстанCaspian University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh. YessenovKazakhstanУниверситет Токат ГазиосманпашаТурцияTokat Gaziosmanpaşa UniversityTurkey20260104202651108125Copyright © Естеков Г.Б., Жумаксанова К.М., Кизимбаева А., Шен Б., 20262026Естеков Г.Б., Жумаксанова К.М., Кизимбаева А., Шен Б.Yestekova G.B., Zhumaxanova K.M., Kizimbaeva A., Şen B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-kainar.kz/jour/article/view/520

В странах Центральной Азии предпринимательская активность женщин постепенно возрастает, однако её развитие сопровождается рядом институциональных, экономических и социокультурных ограничений. Целью настоящего исследования является оценка уровня влияния социальных, экономических и институциональных переменных на уровень предпринимательской активности женщин в странах Центральной Азии. Эмпирическая база охватывает данные по Казахстану, Кыргызстану, Узбекистану и Таджикистану за 2015–2024 гг., сформированные на основе информации Всемирного банка, отчетов Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Gender Gap Index Всемирного экономического форума и национальных статистических агентств. Результаты исследования показали устойчивый рост доли женщин среди предпринимателей во всех рассматриваемых странах: в Казахстане показатель увеличился с 40,1% в 2015 г. до 46,5% в 2024 г., в Кыргызстане — с 37,2% до 43,1%, в Узбекистане — с 28,7% до 38,2%, в Таджикистане — с 22,5% до 29,3%. Результаты панельной регрессии показали статистически значимое положительное влияние уровня участия женщин в рабочей силе (β = 0.38; p = 0.002), проникновения Интернета (β = 0.29; p = 0.005), доступа к кредитам (β = 0.34; p = 0.009) и ВВП на душу населения (β = 0.21; p = 0.017) на развитие женского предпринимательства; объясняющая способность модели составила R² = 0.64. Полученные результаты показывают, что Казахстан и Кыргызстан демонстрируют наиболее высокий уровень вовлеченности женщин в предпринимательскую деятельность, тогда как в Узбекистане и Таджикистане сохраняется более выраженный гендерный разрыв в предпринимательской активности. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при разработке программ поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса и политики гендерного равенства в странах Центральной Азии.

In Central Asian countries, women's entrepreneurial activity is gradually increasing, but its development is accompanied by a number of institutional, economic and socio-cultural constraints. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of influence of social, economic and institutional variables on the level of entrepreneurial activity of women in Central Asian countries. The empirical database covers data for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan for 2015-2024, based on information from the World Bank, reports from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum and national statistical agencies. The results of the study showed a steady increase in the proportion of women among entrepreneurs in all the countries under consideration: in Kazakhstan, the indicator increased from 40.1% in 2015 to 46.5% in 2024, in Kyrgyzstan — from 37.2% to 43.1%, in Uzbekistan — from 28.7% to 38.2%, in Tajikistan — from 22.5% to 29.3%.. The results of the panel regression showed a statistically significant positive impact of women's labor force participation (β = 0.38; p = 0.002), Internet penetration (β = 0.29; p = 0.005), access to credit (β = 0.34; p = 0.009) and GDP per capita (β = 0.21; p = 0.017) for the development of women's entrepreneurship; the explanatory power of the model was R2 = 0.64. The results show that Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate the highest level of women's involvement in entrepreneurial activity, while Uzbekistan and Tajikistan maintain a more pronounced gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. The results of the study can be used in the development of programs to support small and medium-sized businesses and gender equality policies in Central Asian countries.

гендергендерное равенствоженское предпринимательствоэкономическая дифференциациясоциальный разрывсоциальные ограниченияустойчивое развитиеЦентральная АзияGenderGender EqualityWomen’s EntrepreneurshipEconomic DifferentiationSocial GapSocial RestrictionSustainable DevelopmentCentral AsiaReferencesAidis, R., Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Isakova, N. (2008). Female entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine. Feminist Economics, 13(2), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700601184831Aidis, R., Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Isakova, N. (2008). Female entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine. Feminist Economics, 13(2), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700601184831Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.xAhl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.xAjzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179– 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TAjzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179– 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TAlvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700609Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700609Asian Development Bank. (2021). Women’s entrepreneurship in Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB.Asian Development Bank. (2021). Women’s entrepreneurship in Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB.Asian Development Bank. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship in Central Asia: Opportunities and challenges. Manila: ADB.Asian Development Bank. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship in Central Asia: Opportunities and challenges. Manila: ADB.Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T., & Welter, F. (2018). A gendered look at entrepreneurship ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9992-9Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T., & Welter, F. (2018). A gendered look at entrepreneurship ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9992-9Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024). Small and medium enterprises statistics. Astana.Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024). Small and medium enterprises statistics. Astana.Dy, A. M., Marlow, S., & Martin, L. (2017). A web of opportunity or the same old story? Women digital entrepreneurs and intersectionality theory. Human Relations, 70(3), 286–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716650730Dy, A. M., Marlow, S., & Martin, L. (2017). A web of opportunity or the same old story? Women digital entrepreneurs and intersectionality theory. Human Relations, 70(3), 286–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716650730European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (2023). Strategy for the promotion of gender equality. London: EBRD.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (2023). Strategy for the promotion of gender equality. London: EBRD.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2023). Global report 2022/2023. London: GEM.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2023). Global report 2022/2023. London: GEM.International Finance Corporation. (2021). Women-owned SMEs in emerging markets. Washington, DC: IFC.International Finance Corporation. (2021). Women-owned SMEs in emerging markets. Washington, DC: IFC.International Labour Organization. (2021). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2021. Geneva: ILO.International Labour Organization. (2021). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2021. Geneva: ILO.International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2023. Geneva: ITU.International Telecommunication Union. (2023). Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2023. Geneva: ITU.Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2013). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education + Training, 53(5), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2013). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education + Training, 53(5), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147686Kandiyoti, D. (2007). The politics of gender and the Soviet paradox: neither colonized nor modern? Central Asian Survey, 26(4), 601–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930802018521Kandiyoti, D. (2007). The politics of gender and the Soviet paradox: neither colonized nor modern? Central Asian Survey, 26(4), 601–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930802018521Minniti, M., & Naudé, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries? European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.17Minniti, M., & Naudé, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries? European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.17Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan. (2023). Report on the implementation of the Bastau Business program for 2022. Astana.Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan. (2023). Report on the implementation of the Bastau Business program for 2022. Astana.Neumann, I. (2020). Gender norms and women’s economic participation in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey, 39(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2020.1734985Neumann, I. (2020). Gender norms and women’s economic participation in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey, 39(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2020.1734985North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.OECD. (2021). Beyond COVID-19: Prospects for economic recovery in Central Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing.OECD. (2021). Beyond COVID-19: Prospects for economic recovery in Central Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing.OECD. (2022). Women’s economic empowerment in Central Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing.OECD. (2022). Women’s economic empowerment in Central Asia. Paris: OECD Publishing.Sattar, S. (2019). Opportunities for men and women in emerging Europe and Central Asia. Washington, DC: World Bank.Sattar, S. (2019). Opportunities for men and women in emerging Europe and Central Asia. Washington, DC: World Bank.Terjesen, S., & Amorós, J. E. (2010). Female entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Characteristics, drivers and relationship to economic development. European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 313– 330. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.13Terjesen, S., & Amorós, J. E. (2010). Female entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Characteristics, drivers and relationship to economic development. European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 313– 330. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.13UNDP. (2022). Digital entrepreneurship and women’s empowerment in Central Asia. Almaty: UNDP Regional Bureau.UNDP. (2022). Digital entrepreneurship and women’s empowerment in Central Asia. Almaty: UNDP Regional Bureau.UN Women. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship and economic empowerment in Central Asia. New York: UN Women.UN Women. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship and economic empowerment in Central Asia. New York: UN Women.Welter, F., & Smallbone, D. (2011). Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00317.xWelter, F., & Smallbone, D. (2011). Institutional perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior in challenging environments. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00317.xWelter, F., Smallbone, D., & Pobol, A. (2017). Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship puzzle. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(5–6), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Pobol, A. (2017). Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship puzzle. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(5–6), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank. (2024). Women, business and the law 2024. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank. (2024). Women, business and the law 2024. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report 2023. Geneva: WEF.World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report 2023. Geneva: WEF.Yessengeldin, B., Sitenko, D., & Ramashova, A. (2020). Women’s entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan: Challenges and opportunities. Central Asian Survey, 39(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1697437Yessengeldin, B., Sitenko, D., & Ramashova, A. (2020). Women’s entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan: Challenges and opportunities. Central Asian Survey, 39(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1697437

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.