<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">qainar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Qainar Journal of Social Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Qainar Journal of Social Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2958-7212</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2958-7220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Q University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.58732/2958-7212-2026-1-25-45</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">qainar-516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Участие женщин в ИКТ и региональное развитие: двухфакторная модель фиксированных эффектов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Women’s Participation in ICT and Regional Development: A Two-Way Fixed Effects Approach</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-0488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карачони</surname><given-names>П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karácsony</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, профессор </p><p>Будапешт </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Peter Karácsony – PhD, Professor </p><p>Budapest </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aracsony.peter@uniobuda.hu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-2747</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олжебаева</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olzhebayeva</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD докторант </p><p>Алматы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulbakhyt Olzhebayeva – PhD candidate </p><p>Almaty </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.olzhebayeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Обуда<country>Венгрия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Obuda University<country>Hungary</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Алматинский университет менеджмента<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Almaty Management University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Карачони П., Олжебаева Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карачони П., Олжебаева Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karácsony P., Olzhebayeva G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-kainar.kz/jour/article/view/516">https://www.journal-kainar.kz/jour/article/view/516</self-uri><abstract><p>Участие женщин в секторе информационно-коммуникационных технологий (далее – ИКТ) все чаще рассматривается как важнейший элемент инклюзивной цифровой трансформации. В исследовании анализируется влияние цифровизации и гендерных показателей на региональный экономический рост, а также оценивается, способствует ли участие женщин в ИКТ формированию более инклюзивных моделей развития. Эмпирический анализ основан на сбалансированной панельной выборке из 16 регионов Казахстана за период 2010–2024 гг. Использованы объединенная модель (Pooled OLS), двухфакторная модель фиксированных эффектов (Two-way Fixed Effects), а также проверки устойчивости с применением кластеризованных робастных стандартных ошибок. Оценки двухфакторной модели фиксированных эффектов показывают, что уровень заработной платы является наиболее устойчивым детерминантом регионального экономического роста (β = 1.330; p &lt; 0.001), тогда как инвестиции в основной капитал сохраняют предельную статистическую значимость (β = 0.126; p = 0.060). Показатель человеческого капитала демонстрирует статистически значимый отрицательный внут-региональный эффект (p &lt; 0.001), в то время как индикаторы цифровизации и гендерные переменные оказываются статистически незначимыми. Результаты показывают, что показатели цифровизации и гендерные переменные не оказывают статистически значимого внутрегионального влияния на валовой региональный продукт после учета региональных и временных фиксированных эффектов. В то же время инвестиции в основной капитал и уровень заработной платы выступают наиболее устойчивыми детерминантами регионального роста. Кластерный анализ выявил четыре модели регионального развития — цифровосервисную, индустриальную, аграрную и ресурсную, что подтверждает структурную гетерогенность. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что цифровизация сама по себе не гарантирует инклюзивного роста, а ее экономические эффекты опосредуются структурными факторами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Women's participation in the information and communication technology (hereinafter - ICT) sector It is increasingly seen as an essential element of inclusive digital transformation. This study examines the impact of digitalization and gender-related indicators on regional economic growth and evaluates whether women’s participation in ICT contributes to more inclusive development patterns. The analysis is based on a balanced panel dataset of 16 regions for the period 2010–2024. A pooled OLS model, a two-way fixed effects specification, and robustness checks with clustered heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are employed. Estimates of the two-factor model of fixed effects show that the wage level is the most stable determinant of regional economic growth (β = 1.330; p &lt; 0.001), while investments in fixed assets retain marginal statistical significance (β = 0.126; p = 0.060). The human capital index shows a statistically significant negative internal effect (p &lt; 0.001), while indicators of digitalization and gender variables turn out to be statistically insignificant. The results show that digitalization indicators and gender variables do not have a statistically significant intraregional impact on the gross regional product after taking into account regional and temporary fixed effects. At the same time, investments in fixed assets and wages are the most stable determinants of regional growth. Cluster analysis revealed four models of regional development — digital-service, industrial, agricultural and resource, which confirms the structural heterogeneity. The results show that digitalization by itself does not guarantee inclusive growth, and its economic effects are mediated by structural factors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гендерное равенсто</kwd><kwd>гендерный разрыв</kwd><kwd>социальное неравенство</kwd><kwd>дифференциация</kwd><kwd>человеческий капитал</kwd><kwd>занятость</kwd><kwd>инклюзия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Gender Equality</kwd><kwd>Gender Gap</kwd><kwd>Social Inequality</kwd><kwd>Differentiation</kwd><kwd>Human Capital</kwd><kwd>Employment</kwd><kwd>Inclusion</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Комитета науки МНВО РК (AP26195827 «Стратегические направления сокращения гендерных разрывов на рынке труда Казахстана и расширения возможностей женщин в секторе ИКТ»)</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>this study funded by the Science Committee MSHE RK (AP26195827 “Strategic directions for reducing gender gaps in the labor market of Kazakhstan and expanding opportunities for women in the ICT sector”)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amber, H., &amp; Chichaibelu, B. B. (2023). Narrowing the gender digital divide in Pakistan: Mobile phone ownership and female labor force participation. Review of Development Economics, 27(3), 1354–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12994</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amber, H., &amp; Chichaibelu, B. B. (2023). Narrowing the gender digital divide in Pakistan: Mobile phone ownership and female labor force participation. Review of Development Economics, 27(3), 1354–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12994</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ay, S., &amp; Kılıç, T. (2023). The geographical digital divide: Urban–rural, regional and gender inequalities of digital transformation in Turkey. Journal of Geography (Coğrafya Dergisi), 46, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ay, S., &amp; Kılıç, T. (2023). The geographical digital divide: Urban–rural, regional and gender inequalities of digital transformation in Turkey. Journal of Geography (Coğrafya Dergisi), 46, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2023-1169477</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berardi, L., &amp; Valentinetti, D. (2022). Digitalization of social impact for social economy organizations. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 13(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjnser617</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berardi, L., &amp; Valentinetti, D. (2022). Digitalization of social impact for social economy organizations. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 13(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjnser617</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beregovskaya, T., Grishaeva, S., &amp; Smbatyan, S. (2022). Gender and career: Trends in digital society. Wisdom, 2(1), 21- 29. https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v2i1.778</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beregovskaya, T., Grishaeva, S., &amp; Smbatyan, S. (2022). Gender and career: Trends in digital society. Wisdom, 2(1), 21- 29. https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v2i1.778</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caragliu, A., &amp; Del Bo, C. F. (2025). Regional institutions and the urban digital divide. Papers in Regional Science, 104(6), Article 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pirs.2025.100118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caragliu, A., &amp; Del Bo, C. F. (2025). Regional institutions and the urban digital divide. Papers in Regional Science, 104(6), Article 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pirs.2025.100118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, B., Liu, T., &amp; Wang, Y. Q. (2020). Volatile fragility: New employment forms and disrupted employment protection in the new economy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen, B., Liu, T., &amp; Wang, Y. Q. (2020). Volatile fragility: New employment forms and disrupted employment protection in the new economy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051531</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz, J., Bastos, A., Casaca, S. F., &amp; Proença, I. (2025). Gender pay gap trends across STEM fields: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2025-0090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz, J., Bastos, A., Casaca, S. F., &amp; Proença, I. (2025). Gender pay gap trends across STEM fields: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-02-2025-0090</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freire, A., Palau-Pinyana, E., &amp; Vidal-Ayuso, F. (2026). It's about time to reduce the gender gap in STEM professions: An internationally assessed educational project. Education and Training, 68(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2024-0020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freire, A., Palau-Pinyana, E., &amp; Vidal-Ayuso, F. (2026). It's about time to reduce the gender gap in STEM professions: An internationally assessed educational project. Education and Training, 68(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2024-0020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holth, L., Bergman, A., &amp; MacKenzie, R. (2017). Gender, availability and dual emancipation in the Swedish ICT sector. Work, Employment and Society, 31(2), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016651378</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holth, L., Bergman, A., &amp; MacKenzie, R. (2017). Gender, availability and dual emancipation in the Swedish ICT sector. Work, Employment and Society, 31(2), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016651378</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam, M. S., &amp; Akhtar, T. (2026). Determinants of social inclusion in South Asia: The role of education, ICT, economic growth, trade, and gender equality. Sustainable Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.70763</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam, M. S., &amp; Akhtar, T. (2026). Determinants of social inclusion in South Asia: The role of education, ICT, economic growth, trade, and gender equality. Sustainable Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.70763</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabanov, Y., Sanina, A., &amp; Styrin, E. (2024). Digital transformation of government and socio-economic inequality in a cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2024-22-2-195-208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabanov, Y., Sanina, A., &amp; Styrin, E. (2024). Digital transformation of government and socio-economic inequality in a cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Policy Studies, 22(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2024-22-2-195-208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kireyeva, A. A., Sabdenaliyev, B., Doszhan, R., Kredina, A. A., &amp; Yermekbayeva, D. (2022a). Analysis of educational services distribution: The case of Kazakhstan. Journal of Distribution Science, 20(11), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.20.11.202211.19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kireyeva, A. A., Sabdenaliyev, B., Doszhan, R., Kredina, A. A., &amp; Yermekbayeva, D. (2022a). Analysis of educational services distribution: The case of Kazakhstan. Journal of Distribution Science, 20(11), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.20.11.202211.19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kireyeva, A. A., Satpayeva, Z. T., Kenzhegulova, G. K., Kangalakova, D. M., &amp; Jussibaliyeva, A. (2022b). Kazakhstani women's participation in online marketplaces: Benefits and barriers. Asia &amp; the Pacific Policy Studies, 9(3), 343– 369. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.361</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kireyeva, A. A., Satpayeva, Z. T., Kenzhegulova, G. K., Kangalakova, D. M., &amp; Jussibaliyeva, A. (2022b). Kazakhstani women's participation in online marketplaces: Benefits and barriers. Asia &amp; the Pacific Policy Studies, 9(3), 343– 369. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.361</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kritikos, A. S., Maliranta, M., Nippala, V., &amp; Nurmi, S. (2024). Does gender of firm ownership matter? Female entrepreneurs and the gender pay gap. Journal of Population Economics, 37(2), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01030-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kritikos, A. S., Maliranta, M., Nippala, V., &amp; Nurmi, S. (2024). Does gender of firm ownership matter? Female entrepreneurs and the gender pay gap. Journal of Population Economics, 37(2), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01030-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lukyanova, A. L. (2021). Digitalization and the gender wage gap in Russia. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, 16(2), 88–117. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2021-2-88-117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukyanova, A. L. (2021). Digitalization and the gender wage gap in Russia. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, 16(2), 88–117. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2021-2-88-117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mariscal, J., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., &amp; Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the gender digital gap. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13, Article 2019–9. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mariscal, J., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., &amp; Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the gender digital gap. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 13, Article 2019–9. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mumporeze, N., &amp; Prieler, M. (2017). Gender digital divide in Rwanda: A qualitative analysis of socioeconomic factors. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mumporeze, N., &amp; Prieler, M. (2017). Gender digital divide in Rwanda: A qualitative analysis of socioeconomic factors. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen, D. T., Le, T. T. N., &amp; Tran, V. Q. (2025). Exploring the impact of digital transformation and qualifications on wage disparities in urban and rural Vietnam. Journal of Economics and Finance, 49(2), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-025-09711-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen, D. T., Le, T. T. N., &amp; Tran, V. Q. (2025). Exploring the impact of digital transformation and qualifications on wage disparities in urban and rural Vietnam. Journal of Economics and Finance, 49(2), 413–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-025-09711-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogbo, E., Brown, T., Gant, J., &amp; Sicker, D. (2021). When being connected is not enough: An analysis of the second and third levels of the digital divide in a developing country. Journal of Information Policy, 11, 104–146. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.11.2021.0104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogbo, E., Brown, T., Gant, J., &amp; Sicker, D. (2021). When being connected is not enough: An analysis of the second and third levels of the digital divide in a developing country. Journal of Information Policy, 11, 104–146. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.11.2021.0104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedchenko, N., Tul, S., Shkurupii, O., Deyneka, T., &amp; Flehantova, A. (2021). The impact of digitalization on employment transformation in countries with different income levels. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 4(39), 216–227. https://doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v4i39.241311</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedchenko, N., Tul, S., Shkurupii, O., Deyneka, T., &amp; Flehantova, A. (2021). The impact of digitalization on employment transformation in countries with different income levels. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 4(39), 216–227. https://doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v4i39.241311</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereira, C. E. N. C. (2014). Emerging digital technologies and women's leadership in global business. In P. A. C. Smith &amp; T. Cockburn (Eds.), Impact of emerging digital technologies on leadership in global business (pp. 255–279). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6134-9.ch014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereira, C. E. N. C. (2014). Emerging digital technologies and women's leadership in global business. In P. A. C. Smith &amp; T. Cockburn (Eds.), Impact of emerging digital technologies on leadership in global business (pp. 255–279). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6134-9.ch014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persson, M., &amp; Wallo, A. (2024). Digital automation and working life of HR practitioners: A gender analysis of the implications for workforce and work practices. Gender, Technology and Development, 28(3), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2024.2406039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persson, M., &amp; Wallo, A. (2024). Digital automation and working life of HR practitioners: A gender analysis of the implications for workforce and work practices. Gender, Technology and Development, 28(3), 408–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2024.2406039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham, C. T. L., Bui, Q. T. T., Le, A. H., &amp; Khuong, L. Q. (2025). Unequal access in a digital age: Women's digital exclusion and socioeconomic inequalities in Vietnam. Frontiers in Big Data, 8, Article 1718366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2025.1718366</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham, C. T. L., Bui, Q. T. T., Le, A. H., &amp; Khuong, L. Q. (2025). Unequal access in a digital age: Women's digital exclusion and socioeconomic inequalities in Vietnam. Frontiers in Big Data, 8, Article 1718366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2025.1718366</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proctor-Thomson, S. B. (2013). Gender disruptions in the digital industries? Culture and Organization, 19(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2012.754222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proctor-Thomson, S. B. (2013). Gender disruptions in the digital industries? Culture and Organization, 19(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2012.754222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez-Canut, S., Usart-Rodríguez, M., Grimalt-Alvaro, C., Martínez-Requejo, S., &amp; Lores-Gómez, B. (2023). Professional digital competence: Definition, frameworks, measurement, and gender differences: A systematic literature review. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023, Article 8897227. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8897227</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez-Canut, S., Usart-Rodríguez, M., Grimalt-Alvaro, C., Martínez-Requejo, S., &amp; Lores-Gómez, B. (2023). Professional digital competence: Definition, frameworks, measurement, and gender differences: A systematic literature review. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023, Article 8897227. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8897227</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah, C. S., &amp; Krishnan, S. (2024). ICT, gender inequality, and income inequality: A panel data analysis across countries. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 709–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-023-10396-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah, C. S., &amp; Krishnan, S. (2024). ICT, gender inequality, and income inequality: A panel data analysis across countries. Information Systems Frontiers, 26(2), 709–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-023-10396-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thanh, H. L., Phuc, H. N., Xuan, N. P., &amp; Dinh, B. H. (2022). Influences of digital transformation on life expectancy and the gender gap in European countries. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 18(2), 1-28 https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGR.298117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thanh, H. L., Phuc, H. N., Xuan, N. P., &amp; Dinh, B. H. (2022). Influences of digital transformation on life expectancy and the gender gap in European countries. International Journal of Electronic Government Research, 18(2), 1-28 https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGR.298117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian, L. L., Shen, Y. Y., Du, M., &amp; Han, C. (2025). Can digital transformation of enterprises break the “glass ceiling” for women's career advancement? Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2025.2500447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian, L. L., Shen, Y. Y., Du, M., &amp; Han, C. (2025). Can digital transformation of enterprises break the “glass ceiling” for women's career advancement? Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2025.2500447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tunçsiper, Ç. (2025). Bridging the digital divide with gender equity in the digital world: Empirical insights from OECD countries. Journal of Work-Applied Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-08-2024-0119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tunçsiper, Ç. (2025). Bridging the digital divide with gender equity in the digital world: Empirical insights from OECD countries. Journal of Work-Applied Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWAM-08-2024-0119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin, Z. H., Zhang, T. H., &amp; Choi, C. H. (2023). Toward sustainable development: Does digitalization narrow the gender gap in the labor market? Sustainable Development, 31(5), 3528–3539. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2608</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin, Z. H., Zhang, T. H., &amp; Choi, C. H. (2023). Toward sustainable development: Does digitalization narrow the gender gap in the labor market? Sustainable Development, 31(5), 3528–3539. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2608</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao, Y. Z., &amp; Kuang, M. Y. (2025). Digital divides in China: Evidence from CGSS2005–2021. Chinese Sociological Review, 57(4), 452–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2025.2475430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao, Y. Z., &amp; Kuang, M. Y. (2025). Digital divides in China: Evidence from CGSS2005–2021. Chinese Sociological Review, 57(4), 452–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2025.2475430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
