qainarQainar Journal of Social ScienceQainar Journal of Social Science2958-72122958-7220Q University10.58732/2958-7212-2025-3-24-41qainar-370Research ArticleСтатьиГендерное неравенство и социальное благополучие в Казахстане: количественная оценка структурных факторовGender Inequality and Social Well-Being in Kazakhstan: A Quantitative Assessment of Structural FactorsДаяноваД. М.DayanovaD. M.

бакалавр

Алматы

Damelya M. Dayanova – Bachelor

Almaty

ddamelya@gmail.comЖусуповаА. К.ZhussupovaA. K.

к.э.н.

Алматы

Aigerim K. Zhussupova – Cand.Sc. (Econ.)

Almaty

aigera2008@gmail.comБарысЖ. А.BarysZh.

бакалавр

Алматы

Zhanel Barys – Bachelor

Almaty

baryszhanel8@gmail.comУниверситет Международного Бизнеса им. К.СагадиеваКазахстанUniversity of International Business named after K. SagadiyevKazakhstan202504112025432441Copyright © Даянова Д.М., Жусупова А.К., Барыс Ж.А., 20252025Даянова Д.М., Жусупова А.К., Барыс Ж.А.Dayanova D.M., Zhussupova A.K., Barys Z.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-kainar.kz/jour/article/view/370

Сельская бедность и трудовая миграция представляют собой взаимосвязанные социально- экономические явления, определяющие специфику пространственного неравенства между городом и селом. Их взаимное влияние проявляется через ограниченный доступ сельского населения к ресурсам, инфраструктуре, рынкам труда и социальным услугам, что стимулирует миграционные потоки и в то же время формирует новые формы уязвимости. Целью статьи является проведение комплексного теоретического анализа понятий сельской бедности и трудовой миграции, выявление ключевых этапов эволюции научных подходов к этим явлениям и определение аналитических пробелов, требующих дальнейших исследований. Методологическую основу исследования составляют историко-логический, системный и сравнительно-исторический подходы, а также методы анализа и синтеза, классификации и структурно-функционального анализа. На основе этих методов проведена систематизация теоретических концепций классических, эгалитаристских, социологических и мультидисциплинарных школ. Результаты анализа позволили выделить устойчивые закономерности в понимании феномена сельской бедности и её взаимосвязи с миграционными процессами, а также показать многомерность этих явлений через категории уязвимости, эксклюзии и депривации. В статье уделено гендерному аспекту сельской бедности, отражающему структурное неравенство между мужчинами и женщинами в доступе к ресурсам и занятости. В перспективе необходимы сравнительные эмпирические исследования, направленные на оценку влияния различных видов миграции на динамику бедности домохозяйств, включая уязвимые группы, и разработку методических подходов к оценке сельской бедности с учётом гендерных различий.

Gender inequality remains a structural barrier to achieving social well-being and sustainable economic development in Kazakhstan. The aim of the study is to identify the structural factors of gender inequality in the labour market of Kazakhstan during 2020-2024, including the roles of horizontal and vertical segregation and unpaid labour in the formation of income and employment gaps between men and women. The research methods are based on a quantitative approach using official data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2024, in terms of average and median wages, the number of unemployed, and the proportion of women in leadership positions. Descriptive analysis methods, gender pay gap calculations, and Pearson correlation analyses were used to identify relationships among the unemployment rate, income, and the gender employment structure. The study's results showed a stable gender asymmetry. In particular, the gender pay gap during the analysed period ranged from 20% to 26%, the proportion of women in leadership positions remained stable at about 41%, but their representation in Parliament decreased from 26.5% to 18.4%. There is a strong positive correlation between unemployment and wages (r = 0.66), which indicates the concentration of income growth in male, high-paying sectors and structural restrictions on women's access to such positions. The results confirm the systemic and institutional nature of gender inequality in Kazakhstan and emphasize the need to develop targeted measures to reduce vertical segregation and increase women's access to high-income employment.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.